Therefore, the train as a means of transport has become a critical driver in promoting a cleaner environment. Health effects from PM 2.5 have manifested with numerous symptoms i.e., airway damage ( Deng et al., 2013 Longhin et al., 2013 Wang et al., 2013), cardiovascular impairment ( Kamal et al., 2011 Torres-Ramos et al., 2011 Davel et al., 2012) and diabetes mellitus ( Mendez et al., 2013 Xu et al., 2013 Liu et al., 2014). The high rates of CO 2 emissions impact the ozone and PM 2.5, which is a particle matter air pollution less than 2.5 in diameter, especially in big cities. Heavy duty vehicles confirmedly have a greater effect on air quality compared to rail and passenger vehicles ( Kinnon et al., 2019). The issue of most concern is the methodology needed to reduce the amount of CO 2 released into the atmosphere from the transportation sector which directly relates to air quality, and which is a significant cause of severe diseases. Therefore, attempts to get passengers to change their mode of transport from cars to trains, has boosted the gradual growth of rail networks in many areas i.e., China, France, and the USA. In comparisons of CO 2 emissions from transportation sectors, nearly three quarters came from the road (motor vehicles etc.) while 4.2% of the global transportation emissions was a result of rail sectors around the world ( Yeh et al., 2017). The report from the UIC showed that transportation sector CO 2 emissions, accounted for 24.7% of global emanation in 2015. Many researchers have revealed that the increase of the world's temperature to 36.5☏ is an effect of transportation emissions, which includes high-speed rails around the world ( Damm et al., 2016 Yeh et al., 2017). However, growth and demand are causing large scale issues in terms of its global impact. With regards to the dramatic growth in railway industries around the world, rails have become one of the most crucial public transportation modes, directly creating a positive impact on human life. The change is predicted to decrease the amount of waste in landfills by up to 85% by 2039. The parametric study was also applied to predict the recycling rate of aluminium with steel and pure steel, with regards to the improvement of manufacturing technologies. The results indicated that the replacement by composite material can increase values of %R cyc to 11.7% and %R cov to 5% compared with the original model. There are three types of composite materials, including glass filled with epoxy, polyester and nylon, which were all compared with the original model. And, the result shows that the total weight of HSR can be reduced up to 24% by a substitute CFRP in the six chief parts of the HSR's components. The research is the world's first to provide composite material replacement methods of the HSR rolling stocks. This study clearly explains the calculation methods of %R cyc and %R cov of the end-of-life rolling stock of the HSR that is suitable for all industries to adopt in their recycling processes. Besides, the %R cov at 78.9% is higher than the 73.1% of the original model. The research found that the replacement of CFRP (Carbon fiber reinforced polymer) generates a positive result on %R cyc value at 73.9% compared with 61.4% in the original model. Also, the feasibility of the recyclability (%R cyc) and recovery rate (%R cov) is critical in judging the suitability of the replacement. There are three types of composite materials that consist of glass filled with epoxy, glass filled with polyester and glass filled with nylon, replacing the six chief parts of HSR components.Īs a result, the total weight of rolling stock has significantly reduced to 24.61% on average so, it can decrease the amount of fuel in the HSR operation.
In this study, the material replacement method is taken to account for a feasibility study on the next model of the HSR. The high-speed rail (HSR), which is well-known for low CO 2 emissions, has continually been improved, especially its model. In this day and age, various technologies are being combined with transportation systems, aimed at reducing the global impact of greenhouse gas emissions. It is undeniably true that transportation systems positively impact human life but, the use of transportation systems also emits greenhouse gasses in the environment which leads to global warming. 2Institution of Transportation Study, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.1School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.Panrawee Rungskunroch 1,2, Sakdirat Kaewunruen 1 * and Zuo-Jun Shen 2
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